PYROMETALLURGY
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Pyrometallurgy Document Repository

Conferences

• Upcoming Pyrometallurgical Conferences
• INFACON: International Ferro-Alloys Congress

Technical Papers

2021

• Computational modeling in pyrometallurgy: Part I
  
  QG Reynolds and MA Rhamdhani

• New glass-based binders from engineered mixtures of inorganic waste
  
  M Hujova, PR Monich, H Kankova, H Lucas, BS Xakalashe, B Friedrich, J Kraxner, D Galusek, and E Bernardo

• Temperature measurement data gathered from off-gas duct of a submerged arc furnace utilised for silicomanganese production
  
  M Sitefane, JD Steenkamp, and K Rampyapedi

• A review of ferroalloy tapping models
  
  S Bublik, JE Olsen, V Loomba, QG Reynolds, and KE Einarsrud

• Synergism Red Mud - Acid mine drainage as a sustainable solution for neutralizing and immobilizing hazardous elements
  
  H Lucas, S Stopic, BS Xakalashe, S Ndlovu, and B Friedrich

• Ferronickel - Thermodynamics, chemistry, and economics (2021 TMS/EPD Distinguished Lecture)
  
  RT Jones

• Modelling of metal loss in ferromanganese furnace tapping operations
  
  QG Reynolds and JE Olsen

• Toward computational models of arc dynamics in silicon smelters
  
  QG Reynolds

• The feasibility of producing syngas from waste coal fines and steam using a DC arc gasifier
  
  TP Kekana, G Akdogan, and QG Reynolds

• Towards sustainable processing of vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite deposits - an overview of barriers and opportunities
  
  IJ Geldenhuys, G Akdogan, and QG Reynolds

• Chemical and phase chemical characterisation of three different tap-hole clays
  
  IC Thobadi, M Mnisi, JD Steenkamp, E Matinde, and W Clark

• Dataset produced by automated sand-rammer, clay-gun, and plate viscometer for three different tap-hole clays
  
  JD Steenkamp, C Lindstad, and L Lindstad

• Characterisation of a real-world Soderberg electrode
  
  RI Glastonbury, JP Beukes, PG van Zyl, M Tangstad, E Ringdalen, D Dall, JD Steenkamp, and M Mushwana

• The evaluation of sintering as a potential cause of duct blockages for a submerged arc furnace applied in silicomanganese production
  
  MB Sitefane

• High-speed video data for settling of dense liquid droplets through liquid media with different viscosities
  
  PJA Bezuidenhout, QG Reynolds, MW Erwee, and O Oxtoby

• A review of carbon-based refractory materials and their applications
  
  BM Thethwayo and JD Steenkamp

• Co-pelletization of a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66) with polymer nanofibers for improved useable capacity in hydrogen storage
  
  SE Bambalaza, HW Langmi, R Mokaya, NM Musyoka, and LE Khotseng

• Effectiveness of fly ash and red mud as strategies for sustainable acid mine drainage management
  
  V Keller, S Stopic, BS Xakalashe, Y Ma, S Ndlovu, B Mwewa, GS Simate, and B Friedrich

• Alkaline alumina recovery from bauxite residue slags
  
  M Vafeias, M Bagani, BS Xakalashe, E Balomenos, D Panias, and B Friedrich

• Pilot plant smelting of Canadian and South African chromite in a DC furnace
  
  IJ Geldenhuys

• Practical considerations in the design of an experimental set-up for laboratory-scale investigation of slag freeze-linings
  
  PJA Bezuidenhout, JD Steenkamp, and QG Reynolds

• A brief history of chromite smelting
  Rodney Trevor Jones: A Biographical Sketch
  
  RT Jones

• From ore body to high temperature processing of complex ores: Manganese — A South African perspective
  
  JD Steenkamp, D Chetty, A Singh, SAC Hockaday, and GM Denton

• Evaluation of titania-rich slag produced from titaniferous magnetite under fluxless smelting conditions
  
  IJ Geldenhuys, QG Reynolds, and G Akdogan

• An investigation into the wear mechanisms of carbon- and silicon carbide-based refractory materials by silicomanganese alloy
  
  WK Banda, JD Steenkamp, and E Matinde

• Preliminary investigation into the extraction of light rare earth elements from different resources using the sulphation roasting process
  
  KC Maluleke, XC Goso, S Ndlovu, E Matinde, and S McCullough

• Mathematical modeling of furnace drainage while tapping slag and metal through a single tap-hole
  
  JE Olsen and QG Reynolds

• Investigation of waste PCB leach residue as a reducing agent in smelting processes
  
  D Attah-Kyei, G Akdogan, C Dorfling, J Zietsman, D Lindberg, F Tesfaye, and QG Reynolds

• Feasibility of fluxless smelting of titaniferous magnetite ore in a pilot-plant open-arc DC furnace(MEng Thesis)
  
  IJ Geldenhuys

• Identifying barriers to growth in mineral value chains
  
  HJ van Zyl, WG Bam, and JD Steenkamp

• Method to quantify the effect of temperature and rotational speed on the decrepitation of South African manganese ores in a rotary kiln
  (Author's proof)
  
  MS Moholwa, JD Steenkamp, and HL Rutto

• FactSage-based design calculations for the production of high-carbon ferromanganese on pilot-scale
  (Author's proof)
  
  JD Steenkamp

• Upgrading pilot-scale facility at Mintek to evaluate the effect of preheating on smelter operations
  (Author's proof)
  
  JD Steenkamp, GM Denton, and T Pieters

• The impact of solar resource characteristics on solar thermal pre-heating of manganese ores
  (Author's proof)
  
  SAC Hockaday, T McKechnie, M Neises von Puutkamer, and M Lubkoll

• The development of a heat and mass transfer model for a shaft kiln to preheat manganese ore with hot air, model development methodology
  (Author's proof)
  
  SN Sambo, SAC Hockaday, and T Seodigeng

• Overcoming the phosphorus issue at the Agbaja iron ore project in Nigeria
  
  LA Sylwestrzak, S Moses, O Demir, and S Tsebe

• Cobalt recovery from southern African copper smelters
  
  RT Jones and C Pawlik

• Continuity and Change
  
  RT Jones

• The solar thermal treatment of manganese ore pellets using closed-loop forced convection of air
  
  SAC Hockaday, F Dinter, T Harms, and QG Reynolds

• Solar thermal applications in minerals processing in South Africa
  
  SAC Hockaday

• A CFD-based approach to selecting a concentrating solar thermal plant site location around a ferromanganese smelter
  
  M Swart, KJ Craig, and SAC Hockaday

• Coal-based reducing agents in ferroalloys and silicon production
  
  M Tangstad, JP Beukes, JD Steenkamp, and E Ringdalen

• Journal Comment - Furnace Tapping 2018
  
  JD Steenkamp

• Benchmark for tap-hole lifecycle management practices in silicomanganese production when submerged arc furnace technology of circular design is applied
  (Published in JOM)
  
  JD Steenkamp, DA Hayman, and PJA Bezuidenhout

• Freeze-lining formation in submerged arc furnaces producing ferrochrome alloy in South Africa
  
  JD Steenkamp, QG Reynolds, MW Erwee, and S Swanepoel

• Silicomanganese production at Mogale Alloys
  
  NA Sithole, N Rambuda, JD Steenkamp, DA Hayman, and CJ Hockaday

• Wear analysis of tap-holes at two ferrochromium production furnaces
  (Published in SAIMM Journal in 2019)
  
  JD Steenkamp

• Phase effects in tap-hole flow – a computational modelling study
  (Published in SAIMM Journal in 2019)
  
  QG Reynolds, JE Olsen, MW Erwee, and OF Oxtoby

• Multiphase flow modelling of lancing of furnace tap-holes: validation of multiphase flow simulated in OpenFOAM
  (Published in SAIMM Journal in 2019)
  
  MW Erwee, QG Reynolds, JH Zietsman, and PJA Bezuidenhout

• Temperature field at the tap-hole in a manganese furnace – a computational modelling study
  
  JE Olsen, QG Reynolds, and MW Erwee

• Toward computational models of metallurgical converting processes
  
  QG Reynolds, MW Erwee, and SP Tsebe

• Sulphation roasting process for the extraction of rare earth elements
  
  KC Maluleke, XC Goso, S Ndlovu, E Matinde, and SD McCullough

• Process zones observed in a 48 MVA submerged arc furnace producing silicomanganese according to the ore-based process
  
  JD Steenkamp, JP Gous, W Grote, RD Cromarty, and HJ Gous

• Variables applicable to benchmarking of tap-hole life-cycle management practices in coke-bed-based ferroalloy production
  
  JD Steenkamp, WG Bam, and SP Tsebe

• Infacon XV overview
  
  RT Jones

• Influence of the power supply on the behaviour of DC plasma arcs – a modelling study (Infacon XV)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Fluxing of South African chromite ore with colemanite (Infacon XV)
  
  MW Erwee, IJ Geldenhuys, MB Sitefane, and M Masipa

• Working towards an increase in manganese ferro-alloy production in South Africa – a research agenda (Infacon XV)
  
  JD Steenkamp, WG Bam, E Ringdalen, M Mushwana, SAC Hockaday, and NA Sithole

• Considerations regarding electrode metering prior to startup (Infacon XV)
  
  CJ Hockaday and Y Ramparsad

• Comparing Electrical and Carbon Combustion Based Energy Technologies for the Production of High Carbon Ferromanganese: A Literature Review (Infacon XV)
  
  NA Sithole, WG Bam, and JD Steenkamp

• The workability index of three tap-hole clays (Infacon XV)
  
  JD Steenkamp, M Mnisi, and A Skjeldestad

• Interactive visualization of pyrometallurgical phase diagrams
  
  MW Erwee and QG Reynolds

• Python-based machine learning tools for metallurgical data clustering
  
  QG Reynolds, MW Erwee, and P Moodley

• Silicomanganese production at Transalloys in the twenty-tens
  
  JD Steenkamp, P Maphutha, O Makwarela, WK Banda, I Thobadi, M Sitefane, J Gous, and JJ Sutherland

• Solar thermal treatment of manganese ores
  
  SAC Hockaday, QG Reynolds, F Dinter, and T Harms

• Excavation method for a 2.4 m diameter pilot-scale furnace
  
  J Chetty and JD Steenkamp

• Flowsheet development for the extraction of rare earths using Mintek's PyEarth process
  
  K Bisaka, IC Thobadi, S Mokoena, C Pawlik, and MW Erwee

• Extraction of rare earths from iron-rich rare earth deposits
  
  K Bisaka, IC Thobadi, and C Pawlik

• Multiphase fluid flow modelling of furnace tapholes
  
  QG Reynolds and MW Erwee

• Arcmon for Process Control in Silicomanganese Production: A Case Study
  
  JD Steenkamp, CJ Hockaday, JP Gous, W Clark, and A Corfield

• Dissipation of electrical energy in submerged arc furnaces producing silicomanganese and high-carbon ferromanganese
  
  JD Steenkamp, CJ Hockaday, JP Gous, and TW Nzima

• The early history and current state of industrial smelting in South Africa (Plenary address at European Metallurgical Conference)
  
  RT Jones and P den Hoed

• Graduation Address at Wits University, 31 March 2017
  Audio (20 MB, 14 minutes)
  
  RT Jones

• The effect of magnesia and alumina crucible wear on the smelting characteristics of titaniferous magnetite
  
  MP Maphutha, M Ramaili, MB Sitefane, and XC Goso

• The effect of CaO to MgO ratio on the smelting characteristics of vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite
  
  M Sitefane, M Masipa, P Maphutha, and XC Goso

• Laboratory-scale sulphation roasting testwork for copper and cobalt production
  
  P Sithole, XC Goso, and H Lagendijk

• Recovery of vanadium from discard titaniferous magnetite slag using the soda ash roast-leach process
  
  M Lekobotja, M Mojapelo, XC Goso, and H Lagendijk

• A comparative study of vanadium recovery from titaniferous magnetite using salt, sulphate, and soda ash roast-leach processes
  
  S Nkosi, P Dire, N Nyambeni, and XC Goso

• Quality control during the installation of carbon-based cold ramming paste
  
  J Chetty, W Banda, and L Lindstad

• Metallothermic production of cement extender from manganese waste slags (Slag Valorisation)
  Metallothermic production of cement extender from manganese waste slags (Young Professionals)
  
  W Banda and H Lagendijk

• A predictive mass and energy model for SiMn production in submerged arc furnaces
  (Poster)
  
  NA Sithole, MW Erwee, and JD Steenkamp

• Round robin standard composition: HCFeMn reference material
  
  M Letsoalo and JD Steenkamp

• Insulating or conductive lining designs for electric furnace smelting?
  (Presentation)
  
  JD Steenkamp, GM Denton, and DA Hayman

• Computational modeling of arc-slag interaction in DC furnaces
  
  QG Reynolds

• SAIMM Journal - President's Corner (Collected articles 2015-2016)
  
  RT Jones

• The exact art and subtle science of DC smelting: Practical perspectives on the hot zone
  
  IJ Geldenhuys

• Opportunities for concentrated solar thermal heat in the minerals processing industry
  
  SAC Hockaday, F Dinter, and TM Harms

• Computational modelling of slag foaming in pyrometallurgical furnaces
  
  QG Reynolds and MW Erwee

• Joalet Steenkamp takes the heat for furnace photography
  
  L Robinson

• Working towards an increase in manganese ferroalloy production in South Africa - a research agenda
  
  JD Steenkamp

• Identifying barriers faced by key role players in the South African manganese industry
  
  HJ van Zyl, WG Bam, and JD Steenkamp

• Review of titanium feedstock selection for fluidized bed chlorinators
  
  A Kale and K Bisaka

• Prereduction and DC open-arc smelting of carbon-based ilmenite pellets
  
  K Bisaka, IC Thobadi, and XC Goso

• Crude TiCl4 purification: A review of the current state of the art and future opportunities
  
  SAC Hockaday and A Kale

• Extraction of rare-earth elements from iron-rich rare-earth deposits
  
  K Bisaka, IC Thobadi, and C Pawlik

• Scoping study of the upgrading of fluxed and fluxless titaniferous magnetite slags using the upgraded slag process
  
  XC Goso, J Petersen, J Nell, and K Bisaka

• Indicative vanadium deportment in the processing of titaniferous magnetite by the Roast-Leach and Electric Furnace Smelting processes
  
  XC Goso, H Lagendijk, MW Erwee, and G Khosa

• Review of liquidus surface and phase equilibria in the TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaO slag system at pO2 applicable in fluxed titaniferous magnetite smelting
  
  XC Goso, J Nell, and J Petersen

• Metal recovery using DC arc furnaces (Presentation only)
  
  IJ Geldenhuys

• Chemical wear of carbon and silicon carbide-based refractory materials by silicomanganese metal
  
  W Banda, JD Steenkamp, and E Matinde

• Analysis of electrical energy dissipation in submerged-arc furnaces producing silicomanganese
  
  JD Steenkamp, CJ Hockaday, and JP Gous

• Tap-hole life cycle design criteria: A case study based on silicomanganese production
  
  JD Steenkamp, JJ Sutherland, DA Hayman, and J Muller

• Comparison of 2D and 3D computational multiphase fluid flow models of oxygen lancing of pyrometallurgical furnace tap-holes
  
  MW Erwee, QG Reynolds, and JH Zietsman

• Insights into the potential for reduced refractory wear in silicomanganese smelters
  
  JD Steenkamp, PC Pistorius, and J Muller

• Journal Comment - Furnace Tapping
  
  JD Steenkamp

• Simulation of ferro-alloy smelting in DC arc furnaces using Pyrosim and FactSage
  (Presentation)
  
  RT Jones and MW Erwee

• High-speed photography and modelling of DC plasma arcs interacting with irregular surfaces (9178 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Smelting of calcined basic nickel carbonate concentrate in a 200 kW DC arc furnace (1676 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Design methods for DC arc furnaces to enhance furnace integrity (835 kB)
  
  RT Jones and QG Reynolds

• Some considerations for safer furnace cooling (1002 kB)
  
  MW Kennedy, A MacRae, RT Jones, L Kolbeinsen, P Nos, and A Filzwieser

• Truth and error in scientific publishing (SAIMM Presidential Address) (7629 kB)
  Presentation (6616 kB)
  Audio (66 MB, 70 minutes)
  
  RT Jones

• DC arc furnaces: The story of a successful South African technology (4083 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• An overview of copper smelting in southern Africa (133 kB)
  Presentation (2572 kB)
  
  RT Jones and PJ Mackey

• Introduction to the production of clean steel (2727 kB)
  
  JD Steenkamp and L du Preez

• Fundamental aspects of alloy smelting in a DC arc furnace (15 MB)
  
  RT Jones

• Technical and industrial developments in ferro-alloys in southern Africa (3562 kB)
  
  NA Barcza and RT Jones

• Industrial demonstration of arc detection in DC arc furnaces (615 kB)
  
  CJ Hockaday, QG Reynolds, and DT Jordan

• Mathematical and computational modelling of MHD effects in entrained droplets of slag and metal (1617 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Towards computational modelling of multiphase flow in and around furnace tap-holes due to lancing with oxygen: An initial computational and cold model validation study (1541 kB)
  
  MW Erwee, QG Reynolds, JH Zietsman, RD Cromarty, and AS Lexmond

• Tap-hole wear: Analysis of daily average slag and metal compositions of a single SiMn smelter (566 kB)
  
  JD Steenkamp and PC Pistorius

• Interaction of dust with the DC plasma arc - a computational modelling investigation (4751 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Pyrometallurgy modelling (Journal Comment) (419 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• Slag Jewellery: A non-traditional slag valorisation process (2546 kB)
  
  JD Steenkamp

• Chemical wear analysis of a tap-hole on a SiMn production furnace (3466 kB)
  
  JD Steenkamp, PC Pistorius, and M Tangstad

• Wear mechanisms of carbon-based refractory materials in silicomanganese tap holes - Part I: Equilibrium calculations and slag and refractory characterization (2851 kB)
  
  JD Steenkamp, PC Pistorius, and M Tangstad

• Wear mechanisms of carbon-based refractory materials in SiMn tap holes - Part II: In situ observation of chemical reactions (2498 kB)
  
  JD Steenkamp, PC Pistorius, and M Tangstad

• Interaction of dust with the DC plasma arc - a computational modelling investigation (2927 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Celebrating the Megascale
  Proceedings of the Extraction and Processing Division Symposium on Pyrometallurgy in Honor of David GC Robertson
  (Book available from Wiley in 2014)
  
  Edited by PJ Mackey, EJ Grimsey, RT Jones, and GA Brooks

• DC arc furnaces - Past, present, and future (611 kB)
  (As published (5922 kB))
  RT Jones

• Arc detection in DC arc furnaces (2135 kB)
  (As published (9594 kB))
  QG Reynolds, CJ Hockaday, DT Jordan, and IJ Barker

• Application of multiphase computational fluid dynamics to the plasma arc impingement problem in DC furnaces (2645 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Computational modelling of shear-layer instabilities and vortex formation in DC plasma arcs (4112 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Effect of carbon particle size on chlorination of natural rutile (111 kB)
  
  A Kale

• Capturing the technical heritage of experts (Invited address at COM 2013) (79 kB)
  Presentation (8814 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• Presentation: Electric Smelting in Southern Africa (Plenary address at EMC 2013) (2864 kB)
  Audio (28 MB)
  
  RT Jones

• Reductive smelting for the recovery of nickel in a DC arc furnace (45 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• Aspects of DC chromite smelting at Mintek - an overview (Plenary address at Infacon XIII) (10545 kB)
  
  IJ Geldenhuys

• Computational modelling of submerged-arc furnace burden behaviour (7339 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds and K Bisaka

• Presentation: Water atomization of iron-nickel alloys (1195 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• Ni-Co 2013 (Book available from Wiley)
  
  Edited by T Battle, M Moats, V Cocalia, H Oosterhof, S Alam, A Allanore, RT Jones, N Stubina, C Anderson, and S Wang

• Open access to metallurgical publications (489 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (583 kB))
  RT Jones

• Factors influencing the residence time distribution in continuously-fed batch-tapped furnaces (267 kB)
  
  RT Jones and QG Reynolds

• Challenges and solutions in PGM furnace operation: high matte temperature and copper cooler corrosion (821 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (1277 kB))
  A Shaw, LPvS de Villiers, RJ Hundermark, J Ndlovu, LR Nelson, B Pieterse, R Sullivan, N Voermann, C Walker, F Stober, and AD McKenzie

• Plasma arc extinction events - Insights from high-speed photography and modelling (414 kB)
  QG Reynolds

• The dual-electrode DC arc furnace - modelling brush arc conditions (620 kB)
  QG Reynolds

• An overview of recycling of electronic waste - Part 2 (213 kB)
  BS Xakalashe, K Seongjun, and J Cui

• An overview of recycling of electronic waste - Part 1 (438 kB)
  BS Xakalashe, K Seongjun, and J Cui

• Fluidization behaviour of various titania feedstocks (723 kB)
  S Moodley, A Kale, D Bessinger, C Kucukkaragoz, and RH Eric

• Chlorination of titania feedstocks (546 kB)
  S Moodley, RH Eric, C Kucukkaragoz, and A Kale

• Evaluation of Zefreh dolomite (central Iran) for production of magnesium via the Pidgeon process (842 kB)
  B Mehrabi, M Abdellatif, and F Masoudi

• Silicon processing: from quartz to crystalline silicon solar cells (475 kB)
  BS Xakalashe and M Tangstad

• The application of X-ray computed tomography to the characterisation of pyrometallurgical products - a case study (1603 kB)
  AA Corfield, D Chetty, J Mukadi, and K Bisaka

• Presentation: Pyrometallurgical process modelling: How far have we come? (3700 kB)
  Audio (22 MB)
  
  RT Jones

• Presentation: Arc modelling and supercomputing (2562 kB)
  Audio (17 MB)
  
  QG Reynolds

• Smelting applications of DC furnaces (4475 kB)
  
  RT Jones

• Advances in the understanding of DC plasma arc behaviour - Insights from photography (6885 kB)
  
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• Model development for molten state Al and Ti metals (1153 kB)
  
  AS Lopis, QG Reynolds, and K Bisaka

• Estimating the physical properties of slags (821 kB)
  
  KC Mills, Y Lang, and RT Jones

• Cobalt from slag - Lessons in transition from laboratory to industry (393 kB)
  
  AR Barnes and RT Jones

• What scale should your smelting testwork be done at, and what do you get for the money you spend? (648 kB)
  
  IJ Geldenhuys and RT Jones

• Review of the development work on the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (MTMP) (2697 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Removal of phosphorus from silicon melts by vacuum refining (1231 kB)
  MSc thesis from NTNU, Norway
  BS Xakalashe

• Vacuum removal of the impurities from different silicon melts (698 kB)
  J Safarian, BS Xakalashe, and M Tangstad

• Some aspects of dynamic computational modelling of direct current plasma arc phenomena (877 kB)
  QG Reynolds and BD Reddy

• Oxidation and reduction of iron-titanium oxides in chemical looping combustion: a phase-chemical description (638 kB)
  P den Hoed and A Luckos

• Some myths about DC arc furnaces (801 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (891 kB))
  RT Jones, QG Reynolds, TR Curr, and D Sager

• The dual-electrode DC arc furnace - modelling insights (871 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (871 kB))
  QG Reynolds

• Silicon processing: from quartz to crystalline silicon solar cells (746 kB)
  BS Xakalashe and M Tangstad

• DC arc smelting of silicon: Is it technically feasible? (260 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Interaction of MgO-MgR2O4 (R:Al,Cr,Fe) refractories with SO2-containing gases (3140 kB)
  NZ Fotoyi and RH Eric

• Production of titanium metal powder by the HDH process (1866 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (2469 kB))
  X Goso and A Kale

• Fluid bed chlorination pilot plant at Mintek (369 kB)
  (As published in SAIMM Journal (1069 kB))
  A Kale and K Bisaka

• Experience and results from running of a 1 kg Ti scale Kroll reactor (1169 kB)
  SAC Hockaday and K Bisaka

• Computational simulation of molten titanium-aluminium metal and alloys (147 kB)
  AS Lopis, QG Reynolds, and K Bisaka

• High-speed photography and modelling of direct-current plasma arcs (221 kB)
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• The pros and cons of reductive matte smelting for PGMs (125 kB)
  (First page, as published in Minerals Engineering (108 kB))
  RT Jones and IJ Geldenhuys

• Mathematical and computational modelling of the dynamic behaviour of direct current plasma arcs (1852 kB)
  (As published in the SAIMM Journal ())
  QG Reynolds, RT Jones, and BD Reddy

• Comparing manganese ferroalloy smelting in pilot-scale AC and DC submerged-arc furnaces (2014 kB)
  H Lagendijk, BS Xakalashe, T Ligege, P Ntikang, and K Bisaka

• Some aspects of the production of ferrochrome alloys in pilot DC arc furnaces at Mintek (804 kB)
  SAC Hockaday and K Bisaka

• Pre-reduction and smelting characteristics of Kazakhstan ore samples (1950 kB)
  SD McCullough, SAC Hockaday, C Johnson, and NA Barcza

• Mould flux residues aid descaling of reheated austenitic stainless steel (462 kB)
  JN Mukadi and PC Pistorius

• Recovery of base metals and PGMs in a DC alloy-smelting furnace (168 kB)
  RT Jones, IJ Geldenhuys, and QG Reynolds

• Production of Al-Ti master alloys from TiO2 in a DC arc furnace (1220 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Towards commercialisation of Mintek's ConRoast process for platinum smelting (1068 kB)
  (As published (2374 kB))
  RT Jones

• Four years of DC arc smelting of PGM-containing oxide feed materials at Mintek (467 kB)
  (As published (2524 kB))
  IJ Geldenhuys and RT Jones

• Composite Furnace Modules - Application in DC furnaces for FeNi alloy production (1697 kB)
  F Marx, M Shapiro, N Fowler, NB Gray, and IJ Geldenhuys

• Braemore Platinum Smelters: Commercial exploitation of Mintek's ConRoast technology (646 kB)
  RE Phillips, P Chennells, and RT Jones

• Development of roasting parameters for the ConRoast process with low-sulfur feedstock (500 kB)
  E Eccleston and J White

• The roasting of PGM-ore concentrates in a circulating fluidized bed (1486 kB)
  J Hammerschmidt

• Water atomisation of PGM-containing intermediate alloys (1179 kB)
  JJ Dunkley, D Norval, RT Jones, and P Chennells

• Pyrometallurgical iron removal from a PGM-containing alloy (823 kB)
  SD McCullough, IJ Geldenhuys, and RT Jones

• Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process: Status and Prospective (402 kB)
  M Abdellatif and MJ Freeman

• JOM World Nonferrous Smelter Survey Part IV: Nickel: Sulfide (354 kB)
  AEM Warner, CM Diaz, AD Dalvi, PJ Mackey, AV Tarasov, and RT Jones
  Related paper on Nickel Laterite smelting (also included in file above)

• An analysis of pressure fluctuations in a CFB of heavy minerals (334 kB)
  A Luckos, QG Reynolds, and P den Hoed

• South Africa's Ferro Alloys Industry - present status and future outlook (426 kB)
  J Basson, TR Curr, and WA Gericke

• A twin-cathode DC arc smelting test at Mintek to demonstrate the feasibility of smelting FeNi from calcine prepared from siliceous laterite ores from Kazakhstan for Oriel Resources plc (2051 kB)
  IJ Reinecke and H Lagendijk

• Current and potential applications of fluid-bed technology in the ferroalloy industry (556 kB)
  A Luckos, GM Denton, and P den Hoed

• An experimental investigation of foaming in acidic, high FexO slags (352 kB)
  SAC Stadler, JJ Eksteen, and C Aldrich

• Pyrometallurgy at Mintek (3313 kB)
  RT Jones and TR Curr

• Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (MTMP): Theoretical and operational aspects (272 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Refining testwork on crude Magnesium produced in the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (300 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Metallurgy from above - a Google Earth perspective (2538 kB)
  QG Reynolds

• Independence Platinum Limited (IPt) - formation and objectives (218 kB)
  RE Phillips, RT Jones, and LA Cramer

• Pilot plant demonstration of the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (370 kB)
  M Abdellatif

• Calculation of FeO-TiO2-Ti2O3 liquidus isotherms pertaining to high titania slags (1036 kB)
  DJ Fourie, JJ Eksteen, and JH Zietsman

• EAF Stainless Steel Dust Processing (158 kB)
  GM Denton, NA Barcza, PD Scott, and T Fulton

• A study into the hydrodynamic behaviour of heavy minerals in a circulating fluidized bed (425 kB)
  A Luckos and P den Hoed

• Technological breakthrough of the Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (138 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, MA Abdel-latif, and MJ Freeman

• An overview of Southern African PGM smelting (249 kB)
  RT Jones

• Twin-electrode DC smelting furnaces - Theory and photographic testwork (1205 kB)
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• Atmospheric thermal magnesium extraction (192 kB)
  MA Abdel-latif

• PGM Smelter Survey (93 kB)
  RT Jones

• DC arc smelting of difficult PGM-containing feed materials (25 kB)
  RT Jones and IJ Kotze

• A new process for the thermal refining of zinc (668 kB)
  AD McKenzie

• Semi-empirical modelling of the electrical behaviour of DC-arc smelting furnaces (782 kB)
  QG Reynolds and RT Jones

• Fluidization and flow regimes of titaniferous solids (200 kB)
  A Luckos and P den Hoed

• Direct smelting of stainless steel plant dust (206 kB)
  TJ Goff and GM Denton

• An improved DC-arc process for chromite smelting (478 kB)
  GM Denton, JPW Bennie, and A de Jong

• Optimisation of SiMn production at Transalloys (249 kB)
  K Bisaka, J Griesel, and PHF Bouwer

• Economic and environmentally beneficial treatment of slags in DC arc furnaces (575 kB)
  RT Jones

• DC arc photography and modelling (120 kB)
  RT Jones, QG Reynolds, and MJ Alport

• Thermal radiation modelling of DC smelting furnace freeboards (230 kB)
  QG Reynolds

• Pilot plant production of ferronickel from nickel oxide ores and dusts in a DC arc furnace (691 kB)
  IJ Kotze

• The application and scale-up of AC and DC smelting furnaces for ferro-alloys (5706 kB)
  NA Barcza, IJ Barker, MS Rennie, and PJ Brereton-Stiles

• Fundamentals of zinc recovery from metallurgical wastes in the Enviroplas process (232 kB)
  MA Abdel-latif

• Recovery of vanadium and nickel from petroleum flyash (205 kB)
  MA Abdel-latif

• ConRoast: DC arc smelting of dead-roasted sulphide concentrates (1130 kB)
  RT Jones

• ConRoast for the platinum industry
  RT Jones

• Recovery of cobalt from slag in a DC arc furnace at Chambishi, Zambia (537 kB)
  RT Jones, GM Denton, QG Reynolds, JAL Parker, and GJJ van Tonder

• The processing of jigged ferromanganese fines in a DC arc furnace (737 kB)
  K Bisaka, GM Denton, and JAL Parker

• Preliminary Investigation into the Roasting of Ilmenite in a CFB Reactor
  A Luckos

• Platinum smelting in South Africa (1024 kB)
  RT Jones

• An anatomy of furnace refractory erosion: Evidence from a pilot-scale facility (295 kB)
  P den Hoed

• Computer modeling and analysis of processes for the production and use of DRI (316 kB)
  AE Morris, AC Deneys, and RT Jones

• Using a direct-current arc furnace to recover cobalt from slags (335 kB)
  RT Jones and AC Deneys

• Recovery of cobalt, nickel and copper from slags using DC-arc furnace technology (423 kB)
  RT Jones

• Emerging pyrometallurgical processes for zinc and lead recovery from zinc-bearing waste materials (1127 kB)
  G Assis

• The selective carbothermic reduction of chromite (752 kB)
  TR Curr, LR Nelson, and LB McRae

• Production of ferronickel from nickel laterites in a DC arc furnace
  H Lagendijk and RT Jones

• Influence of DC-arc furnace geometry on a 'cobalt from slag' process (823 kB)
  RT Jones, TG la Grange, and G Assis

• Recovery of cobalt from a Viburnum trend lead blast furnace slag (722 kB)
  AC Deneys, DGC Robertson, RT Jones, and AW Worcester

• An evaluation of some possible integrated flowsheets for the pyrometallurgical recovery of cobalt using DC-arc furnace technology (547 kB)
  TG la Grange, RT Jones, and GM Denton

• The high current DC arc in extractive metallurgy (579 kB)
  TR Curr

• Thermodynamics and its applications - an overview (294 kB)
  RT Jones

• Cobalt recovery from slag
  RT Jones, DA Hayman, and GM Denton

• The Enviroplas process for the recovery of zinc, chromium and nickel from steel-plant dust (865 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, MA Abdel-latif, MJ Freeman, and NA Barcza

• Environmental treatment of EAF/AOD dusts (2544 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, DG Meyer, and EW Giesseke

• A review of new ferrochromium smelting technologies (290 kB)
  TR Curr

• The role of pyrometallurgy in the development of South Africa (SAIMM Presidential Address) (1736 kB)
  NA Barcza

• Pilot-plant production of Prime Western grade zinc from lead blast-furnace slags using the Enviroplas process
  AFS Schoukens, GM Denton, and RT Jones

• Enviroplas technology for the recovery of lead and zinc from lead blast furnace slags (991 kB)
  NA Barcza, DGC Robertson, AFS Schoukens, F Shaw, GM Denton, AW Worcester, and DJ Bailey

• Formation of Titanium carbide from ilmenite concentrates in a thermal plasma reactor (787 kB)
  PR Taylor, M Manrique, SA Pirzada, and MA Abdel-latif

• Reflections on the future, and on the role of the ferro-alloy industry in South Africa as part of the social system (6593 kB)
  NA Barcza, JPW Bennie, and K Bezemer

• Solubility of nitrogen in experimental low-nickel austenitic stainless steels (519 kB)
  L Iorio, MB Cortie, and RT Jones

• Reduction of taconite concentrates in a cyclone reactor (1324 kB)
  PR Taylor, MA Abdel-latif, and RW Bartlett

• Thermal Magnesium
  AFS Schoukens

• Breakthrough for Enviroplas Process
  AFS Schoukens

• The treatment of metallurgical wastes using the Enviroplas process (937 kB)
  NA Barcza, CJ Hutton, MJ Freeman, and F Shaw

• The Enviroplas process for the treatment of steel-plant dusts (771 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, F Shaw, and EC Chemaly

• Practical desktop supercomputing (620 kB)
  RT Jones

• Plasma Developments in Africa
  RT Jones, NA Barcza, and TR Curr

• Developments in plasma furnace technology (1018 kB)
  RT Jones, TR Curr, and NA Barcza

• Pyrosim: Steady-state simulation of pyrometallurgical processes (807 kB)
  RT Jones

• Effect of reductant injection on chromite smelting (993 kB)
  GJ Dreyer and RH Eric

• The solid-state reduction of chromite (777 kB)
  RJ Dippenaar and MJ Niayesh

• Solid-state fluxed reduction of LG-6 chromite from the Bushveld Complex (527 kB)
  RH Eric and P Weber

• The application of plasma-arc technology for the production of calcium carbide (357 kB)
  LJ Erasmus

• Theoretical study of electrically based thermal processes for the treatment of steel-plant dusts
  LR Nelson

• Plasma-arc treatment of steel-plant dust and zinc-containing slag - theoretical and practical considerations (550 kB)
  AFS Schoukens, LR Nelson, and NA Barcza

• Metallurgy of open-bath plasma processes (546 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, and RT Jones

• Technology for treatment of steel-plant dusts (1198 kB)
  NA Barcza and LR Nelson

• The pyrometallurgical recovery of gold from leached calcine residues (955 kB)
  ASE Kleyenstuber and LB McRae

• A plasma-arc process for the production of magnesium (746 kB)
  AFS Schoukens

• Description of non-ideal slag and metal systems by the intermediate-compound method (821 kB)
  RT Jones and BD Botes

• Pre-reduction of fluxed chromite-ore pellets under oxidizing conditions (1135 kB)
  NA Barcza and RC Nunnington

• Kinetics and mechanism of the chlorination of ferrochromium (1650 kB)
  LR Nelson and RH Eric

• Fluidized-bed reduction of fine iron ore by the in situ combustion of coal (1100 kB)
  JC van den Berg and RJ Dippenaar

• Solid-state reduction of composite chromite pellets in an externally heated moving-bed shaft furnace (610 kB)
  MJ Niayesh and RJ Dippenaar

• Mintek's new 1MW plasma furnace (271 kB)
  DA Hayman

• Mintek's role in the development of plasma-arc technology based on a graphite cathode (560 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, GM Denton, and DA Hayman

• Energy considerations for the melting of DRI as a function of the degree of pre-reduction (454 kB)
  RJ Dippenaar, NA Barcza, and RT Jones

• A quantitative assessment of mixed ionic and electronic conduction in some commercially available magnesia-stabilized zirconia electrolytes (920 kB)
  MJUT van Wijngaarden, JMA Geldenhuis, and RJ Dippenaar

• The dissolution of a Transvaal chromite in liquid silicate slags under neutral conditions between 1545 and 1660oC (589 kB)
  TR Curr, A Wedepohl, and RH Eric

• The effect of feed pretreatment on the efficiency of a plasma-arc furnace (312 kB)
  WFAT Meihack, TR Curr, NA Barcza, and RT Jones

• Computer simulation of pyrometallurgical processes (807 kB)
  RT Jones

• The smelting of ilmenite in a d.c. transferred-arc plasma furnace with a molten-anode configuration (5731 kB)
  AD Brent

• The potential role of fluidized beds in the metallurgical industry (645 kB)
  WFAT Meihack

• Factors affecting the reduction rate of chromite (486 kB)
  NF Dawson and RI Edwards

• An assessment of smelting reduction processes in the production of Fe-Cr-C alloys (397 kB)
  MJ Niayesh and GW Fletcher

• Technology for the production of new grades and types of ferro-alloys using thermal plasma (698 kB)
  D Slatter, NA Barcza, TR Curr, KU Maske, and LB McRae

• Process routes for beneficiation of noble metals from Merensky and UG-2 ores (953 kB)
  KS Liddell, LB McRae, and RC Dunne

• The control and operation of a pilot-plant DC plasma furnace (487 kB)
  KC Nicol, MS Rennie, and AB Stewart

• The production of ferrotitanium in a d.c. transferred-arc plasma furnace (704 kB)
  AD Brent, LB McRae, and H Lagendijk

• The development of large-scale thermal-plasma systems (424 kB)
  NA Barcza

• Chromium in South Africa (200 kB)
  DD Howat

• The application of thermal plasma technology to large-scale pyrometallurgical processes (1115 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, and KU Maske

• The attainment of high power densities in transferred-arc plasma smelting processes (343 kB)
  TR Curr, KU Maske, and KC Nicol

• Development in refractories for plasma technology (1736 kB)
  RC Nunnington, KU Maske, AFS Schoukens, TR Curr, and NA Barcza

• The 3,2MVA plasma facility at Mintek (859 kB)
  TR Curr, KC Nicol, JF Mooney, AB Stewart, and NA Barcza

• The production of manganese ferro-alloys in transferred-arc plasma systems (1855 kB)
  AFS Schoukens and TR Curr

• The aluminothermic reduction of the oxide of reactive metals (599 kB)
  NA Barcza, GW Dreibrodt, and JA Theron

• Metallurgical reaction philosophies of transferred-arc plasma furnaces (514 kB)
  KU Maske and KJ Reid

• The dissipation of energy in D.C. transferred-arc plasma systems and the consequences for the production of ferro-alloys (2688 kB)
  AB Stewart

• The application of transferred-arc plasma to the melting of metal fines (1046 kB)
  LB McRae, NA Barcza, and TR Curr

• The design and operation of transferred-arc plasma systems for pyrometallurgical applications (376 kB)
  TR Curr, NA Barcza, KU Maske, and JF Mooney

• Recent developments in pyrometallurgical plasma technology (472 kB)
  KU Maske and NA Barcza

• The 'dig-out' of a ferrochromium furnace (1611 kB)
  A Wedepohl and NA Barcza

• The growth of ferro-alloy production in South Africa (886 kB)
  RA Featherstone and NA Barcza

• Recent developments in the ferro-alloy field in South Africa (898 kB)
  NA Barcza, RA Featherstone, and CWP Finn

• Optimum slag-alloy relationships for the production of medium- to low-carbon ferromanganese (741 kB)
  DP O'Shaughnessy and NA Barcza

• The production of ferrochromium in a transferred-arc plasma furnace (2055 kB)
  NA Barcza, TR Curr, WD Winship, and CP Heanley

• Slag-metal equilibrium in the production of low-carbon ferromanganese (1260 kB)
  NA Barcza

• The 'dig-out' of a 75 MVA high-carbon ferromanganese electric smelting furnace (11311 kB)
  NA Barcza, A Koursaris, JB See, and WA Gericke

• Plasma technology and its application to extractive metallurgy (2396 kB)
  SML Hamblyn

• The smelting of copper-nickel concentrates in an electric furnace (506 kB)
  RC Urquhart, MS Rennie, and CC Rabey

• Phase equilibria in the Cr-Fe-Si-C system in the composition range representative of high-carbon ferrochromium alloys produced in South Africa (511 kB)
  JCM Wethmar, DD Howat, and PR Jochens

• The mode of current transfer between electrode and slag in the submerged-arc furnace (379 kB)
  WP Channon, RC Urquhart, and DD Howat

• The effects of chromium oxide, iron oxide and calcium oxide on the liquidus temperatures, viscosities and electrical conductivities of slags in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO (774 kB)
  MS Rennie, DD Howat, and PR Jochens

• Physico-chemical properties of titaniferous slags (997 kB)
  LB McRae, E Pothas, PR Jochens, and DD Howat

• A study of a Direct Method of Stainless Steel Production (1945 kB)
  RP Forsyth

Patents (available as PDF files, 120 kb to 1600 kB)

• 2007 - Metal vapour condensation and liquid metal withdrawal (2007/5597)
  AFS Schoukens, TR Curr, M Abdellatif, RM Whyte

• 2004 - Method of and apparatus for refining zinc (2004/1249)
  AD McKenzie, GM Denton, H Lagendijk, MD Shapiro, DP Mitchell

• 2003 - Ferro-alloy production - large multi-electrode d.c. furnaces as a way of scaling up to larger ferro-alloy plants (2003/8556)
  NA Barcza, IJ Barker, MS Rennie, PJ Brereton-Stiles

• 2002 - Iron-nickel alloy production (2002/5502)
  TR Curr, NA Barcza, H Lagendijk

• 2002 - Agglomeration of ferro-alloy fines (2002/4091)
  JP Beukes, J Nell, and SD McCullough

• 2001 - Treatment of metal sulphide concentrates (2001/6720 and EP1157139)
  RT Jones, NA Barcza, G Kaiura, G O'Connell, and T Hannaford

• 1998 - The processing of zinc bearing materials (95/4963 and ZA965134)
  NA Barcza, AFS Schoukens, and GM Denton

• 1996 - Ferrochromium production (96/0877)
  HL Smith, GM Denton, and NA Barcza

• 1995 - The recovery of metal values from slags (95/4458)
  DA Hayman and GM Denton

• 1994 - The production of ferronickel from nickel containing laterite (94/6071)
  H Lagendijk, AFS Schoukens, P Smith, and PWE Blom

• 1993 - The production of stainless steel (93/5789)
  MJ Niayesh

• 1993 - The recovery of titanium from titanomagnetite
  MD Boyd, AFS Schoukens, and GM Denton

• 1992 - The production of high titania slag from ilmenite (93/5072)
  GM Denton and AFS Schoukens

• 1991 - The recovery of platinum-group metals and gold from sources containing same (91/7598)
  LB McRae and EB Pretorius

• 1991 - The production of calcium carbide (91/9350)
  LJ Erasmus and AFS Schoukens

• 1988 - The production of mattes containing PGMs and gold (88/6670)
  LB McRae and JPR de Villiers

• 1988 - The thermal reduction of agglomerated metallurgical feed materials with oxide coatings (88/2581)
  NA Barcza, RA Featherstone, and RC Nunnington

• 1988 - The thermal reduction of agglomerated feed materials with metallic coatings (88/1098)
  NA Barcza and RC Nunnington

• 1987 - Process for the enhanced reduction of chromite ores
  NF Dawson and RI Edwards

• 1986 - The thermal production of magnesium (86/7102)
  AFS Schoukens and NA Barcza

• 1986 - Electrically heated fluidized bed reactor and processes (86/7101)
  NA Barcza, MJ Dry, and WFAT Meihack

• 1984 - The aluminothermic reduction of the oxide of reactive metals (84/0245)
  NA Barcza, GW Dreibrodt, and JA Theron

• 1984 - Materials feeder assembly (84/0994)
  T Monaci

• 1984 - Process for the production of silicomanganese and ferromanganese-silicon alloys (84/9318)
  NA Barcza and AFS Schoukens

• 1983 - The refining of silicon (83/6819)
  LB McRae

• 1983 - Electrode assemblies for thermal plasma generating devices (83/1375)
  TR Curr and JF Mooney

• 1983 - The protection of water cooled plasma generating devices (83/1374)
  NA Barcza and JF Mooney

• 1983 - The treatment of ferromanganese (83/7183)
  TR Curr and IE Schmidt

• 1982 - The production of mattes containing platinum group metals and gold (82/2966)
  LB McRae, TR Curr, and JP Loo

• 1982 - The production and treatment of ferrochromium (82/7404)
  TR Curr and NA Barcza

• 1982 - The refining of ferrochromium metal (82/7403)
  TR Curr and NA Barcza

• 1977 - The control of electrical arc furnaces (77/3923)
  IJ Barker and AB Stewart

• 1976 - Improvements relating to briquettes (76/5287)
  LB McRae

• 1975 - A process for the treatment of mixtures of platinum group metals and gold (75/0593)
  RI Edwards, JP Loo, and DI Ossin

• 1975 - Stainless steel production (75/7930)
  DI Ossin

• 1972 - Improvements in or relating to the production of ferrochromium alloys (72/6389)
  PR Jochens

General Information and Historical Brochures

• Mintek's Pyrometallurgical Division brochure (2015) (1202 kB)
• Pyrometallurgical processes and equipment (2010) . (287 kB)
• Pyrometallurgy Division Introduction (~2010)
• Pyrometallurgy Division People and Structure (2018)
• High Temperature Laboratory (2009) (68 kB)
• Mintek Thermal Magnesium Process (2013) (853 kB)
• Minfurn for regeneration of activated carbon (2014)
• Overview of Pyrometallurgy Division capabilities (2015)

Pyrosim and Thermo Computer Software

• Pyrosim software description
• Pyrosim software description (full paper)
• Pyrosim users around the world
• Pyrosim User's Manual
• Thermo software description

Pilot Plants

• Pyrometallurgy Division Pilot Plants (2014)
• 20 ton / day Pilot Plant (5.6 MVA DC-arc)
• 5 ton / day Pilot Plant (3.2 MVA DC-arc)
• 1 ton / day Pilot Plant (200 kVA DC-arc)
• 1 ton / day Pilot Plant (300 kVA AC-arc)
• TBRC Pilot Plant